Religion in the Workplace Essay

Introduction Religion is a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs. Under the First Amendment, Americans enjoy two freedoms with respect to religion: the right to be free from a government-imposed religion, and the right to practice any religion. While private employers are not bound by the Constitution’s restrictions on government, they are subject to federal and state laws that ban religious discrimination in employment. Given the number of employed persons, the diversity of religious faiths in this country, and the freedom we enjoy to express our views, the subject of religious discrimination continues to pose tough questions for employers and the courts. The Workplace Because of our country’s great diversity, employers may hire employees from a great variety of countries and religious backgrounds. In an ideal work environment, the religious beliefs of a given employee, or of the employer, do not create conflicts. Either is free to believe as he or she chooses and, as long as the work gets done satisfactorily, neither will encounter difficulty on the basis of religion. Yet, in the world we live in, a number of issues can arise to create friction. An employer and employee may discuss, or even argue over, religious principles. Religion is not simply a matter of belief. The faithful practice their religion through various actions to include; styles of dress, manner of keeping or wearing one’s hair, trying to recruit others to their faith, following certain diets, praying, fasting, avoiding certain language or behavior, and observing  certain religious holidays. Put simply, the many characteristics of different religions provide ample ground for disagreement, conflict, or even harassment among employers and employees on the job. In deontology, the golden rule is to treat others as you would have the treat you. I know that if I respected someone’s beliefs to be Muslim, I expect them to have the same respect for me and my belief in God or whatever religion I choose to place my faith in. Deontologist insists that actions should not be evaluated on the basis of the action’s consequences. Utilitarianism and Discrimination A utilitarian might argue that in a given company, the majority of its members belong to a certain faith tradition. The greatest good for the greatest number would seem to allow that majority to pray and participate in religious activities in the way they desire (Mosser, 2013). Rule utilitarianism argues that participating in something that causes harm decreases the happiness of those who participate, even passively, in that harm. For example, discrimination occurs when the employer maintains (or allows) a hostile environment for employees of particular faiths. Typically, this arises where co-workers harass an employee on the basis of his or her faith, to the point of creating an abusive or intimidating work environment. The harassment must be severe or pervasive in order to constitute discrimination under a hostile work environment theory. Thus, a simple disagreement over religious principles would probably not constitute unlawful harassment. Severe insults or threats, or continuing words and actions meant to harass or intimidate an employee on the basis of religion; however, it may cross the line of lawful conduct. Relativist Relativist believe that different cultures have different attitudes towards life, as well as when it begins and ends. They say the same about religion. Many believe that God created life and God ends life. Take a survey in the workplace and you will probably get a more diverse answer. Different cultures have different religions. But who is to say which religion is right? Some companies believe that the workplace is not a place for religion. Their attitude towards life is basically work is work and your  personal life (which includes your religion) is simply that. Your personal life should not conflict with your job. Leave your religion at home. Little do they know, religion is what’s keeping majority of their employees. Accommodating Religion in the Workplace While employers have a duty to accommodate the religious beliefs of their employees, the employer does have some leeway in how it conducts its business. There is a point where the changes that are required to accommodate an employee become a burden on the employer. Most likely, a request by an employee to trade shifts when his or her faith prevents working on Saturdays is likely to be reasonable. However, less reasonable might be a request that an employee have a particular holy month off each year. Whether an employer’s policy that limits the conduct of members of a particular faith is unreasonable depends on the circumstances. For example, a restaurant owner may require its cooks to wear hairnets or short hair, even if this creates an inconvenience for members of a faith that does not allow them to cut their hair. A job may also have certain qualifications or requirements that have the effect of limiting participation by a particular religious faith. A radio station that pla yed rock and roll music, for example, would be allowed to fire a disc jockey that refused to play rock and roll because it was against his religion. Deontology Deontology tells us to act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other. All human beings deserve dignity and respect and to treat a human being solely as a means to an end, to treat a human being instrumentally is to violate the categorical imperative and, thus, to act in a fundamentally immoral way. Regarding the workplace, we should treat each other’s religion as we would want our religion treated. Someone might need their religion at their job to keep them calm and sane. Some may need their religion at their job to keep peace and love between the employer and employees. In conclusion, the law gives broad protections to employees and managers when it comes to religious beliefs, â€Å"but once an employee’s conduct in the workplace creates problems because of their beliefs, it is problematic  (Tahmincioglu, 2012). Maybe religion should be accepted at work but at a distance. Use it to the point where it is accepted and once it gets out of hand, remove it. REFERENCES Mooser, K. 2013. Ethics and Social Responsibility, Second Edition. Tahmincioglu, E. 2012. Religion at work can bring fire and brimstone. From http://www.today.com/money/religion-work-can-bring-fire-brimstone-460844

Education in Britain Essay

?Each child in England at the first school term after their third birthday, is entitled to 15 hours per week free childcare funding. This entitlement is funded by the government through the local council. The Early Learning Goals cover the main areas of education without being subject driven. These areas include Personal, social and emotional development (prime area) Communication and Language (prime area) Physical education (prime area) Literacy (specific area) Mathematics (specific area) Understanding the World (specific area). Expressive Art & Design (specific area) Until the mid-1980s, nursery schools only admitted pupils in the final year (three terms) leading up to their admission to primary school, but pupils now attend nursery school for four or five terms. It is also common practise for many children to attend nursery much earlier than this. Many nurseries have the facilities to take on babies, using the ‘Early Years Foundation Stage’, framework as a guide to give each child the best possible start to becoming a competent learner and skillful communicator. A primary school (also Elementary school) an school which where children receive primary or elementary education between the ages of about five to about eleven, coming before secondary school and after preschool. It is the first stage of compulsory education in most parts of the world, and is normally available without charge, but may be a fee-paying independent school. In England and Wales secondary school is for children from the ages of 11 to 18. After 11 years of compulsory education ends, and young people can decide whether to continue their studies further at school or sixth form college, or leave the education system. After five years of secondary education, at the age of 16, pupils take the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examination. When they are in the third or in the forth form, they begin to choose their exam subjects and prepare for them. After finishing the fifth form pupils can make their choice: they may either leave school  and go to a Further Education College or continue their education in the sixth form. Those who stay at school after GCSE, study for 2 more years for â€Å"A’ (Advanced) Level Exams in two or three subjects which is necessary to get a place at one of British universities. The typical first degree offered at English universities is the bachelor’s degree, and usually lasts for three years. Many institutions now offer an undergraduate master’s degree as a first degree, which typically lasts for four years. During a first degree students are known as undergraduates. The difference in fees between undergraduate and traditional postgraduate master’s degrees (and the possibility of securing LEA funding for the former) makes taking an undergraduate master’s degree as a first degree a more attractive option, although the novelty of undergraduate master’s degrees means that the relative educational merit of the two is currently unclear. Some universities offer a vocationally based foundation degree, typically two years in length for those students who hope to continue on to a first degree but wish to remain in employment. Postgraduate education Students who have completed a first degree are eligible to undertake a postgraduate degree, which might be a: Master’s degree (typically taken in one year, though research-based master’s degrees may last for two) Doctorate (typically taken in three years) Postgraduate education is not automatically financed by the state.

Informal Memo Proposal Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Informal Memo Proposal - Coursework Example The first proposal seeks to address the procedures that businesses can adopt when contemplating transactions with another business. The organizations can adopt proper consultation and procurement procedures to create room for growth and stay afloat in the market. The second proposal aims at finding the current strategies that are used by organizations to prevent credit card fraud and data breaches that happen behind closed doors. The data breaches and card fraud activities are illegal, and they hamper efficient operations that relate to customers and the organizations. The main purpose of proposal #1 is to address the b2b transactions for the interest of the customers and individual organizations. The transactions help business to institute pricing strategies, contracts and product and services as per the prevailing demands in the market. The primary aim of proposal #2 is to provide a platform that can be used to educate institutions on the methods they can take to prevent card fraud. Cards that are lost stolen or counterfeited affect consumers and businesses that offer the credit card services. The consequences come in the form of profits and legal action. Proposal 2 targets credit card companies, individual online business owners and legal entities that fight card fraud. The card fraud activities defraud shoppers, account owners that lose their card information to online thieves. For example, over 70 million Target Company customers lost their card accounts after the 2013 data breach hit the company. The cards were used later for illegal shopping activities. Analysis of business-to-business transactions will use pricing information, valuation strategies and innovations from individual companies. The strategies or procedures adopted by businesses provide an efficient mechanism for dealing with business dilemmas. Highlighting

China's financial reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

China's financial reform - Essay Example The economic theory argues that the financial repression minimize the increase and efficiency risk. Thus, this report provides interpretations for reforms experiences understanding on economy and industry and the financial industry. Though, the financial systems have not yet get completed. It is because, even though the free markets now determine the product prices, the production market factors get heavily distorted. In this case, the Chinese financial liberalization is important in the financial reforms even in many other developing countries. The reform period has experienced a rapid financial activity growth. Thirty years ago, the industry of finance was close to non-existence (Huang 384). Now, China has wide financial institutions range, from security companies to banks. The useful measure that determines the financial progress is the money supply proportion to GDP. Researchers argue that the financial systems affect the economic development of a country. Thus, theoretically, the financial sector has a basic relationship with economic development. For this reason, the financial reforms that get carried out in China aims to improve the economic development in China and its economic relationship with other countries. Economists have argued that the main role of the financial sector in the economic development is to stimulate the economic growth through providing various important functions like setting and clearing of payments. Levine summarized the five main financial systems (Levine 105). They include; exerting corporate governance and monitoring investment; to control trading; to pool and, mobilize savings; management of risk and easing the goods and services exchange. Given that the sector of finance gives such basic services important for economic growth sustainability, many economists says that the financial reforms have a significant role economy. Thus,

Examining the life of Abraham Lincoln Research Paper

Examining the life of Abraham Lincoln - Research Paper Example Tutor Signature: Date: Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 The Events of His Time 6 Slavery Issue 6 Election to the Presidential Position 7 The Civil War 9 Lincoln  was regarded  as commander in chief and  was noted  for the energetic measures. He  was also regarded  as the odds at the  constitution  of military commanders. Lincoln’s  preoccupancy  at the presidency at the time of war  was regarded  as the political vied.  During the war, there is a need for the deployment of a large number of me at war and also  several  quantities of  material  related to the administrative assistance.  This led Lincoln to  turn  towards to the only  organization  that can be used i.e. the Republican Party. Lincoln during the  war  period tried thoroughly that the Republican Party must consistently  favoured  with the other parties. The  total  military  appointments  were  highly  divided  into the Democrats and the Republi cans. This led the Democrats to accuse Lincoln being a dictator because of his decisions of proscribed civil liberties. Lincoln during this  period  has suspended the  injunction  of habeas corpus in some of the areas; this led to the arrest of 13000 arbitrary.  During this  period  Lincoln also tolerated several criticisms from  several  politicians and  press, due to his decisions for the overzealous arrests, and this has led to show him his tendencies of not becoming the  dictator. 9 At the  time  of Civil war, Lincoln appropriated powers no other  previous  President has wielded. Lincoln used his war powers for proclaiming the  blockade, spends the money without any congressional authorization, suspended the writ of habeas corpus, and even imprisoned the 18000 suspected Confederate without provided them any  trail. At the time of Civil War Abraham Lincoln faced conflicting politicians and pressure over the issue of slavery, but the  movement  towards the black Americans was unalterable 9 As the president of United States of America, Lincoln has to  manage  both the military and political dimensions of the conflicts that arose at the  time  of civil war, and that has the  leadership  record  that depends over the  ability  for coordinating with the two aspects of war efforts.  Lincoln never lost the  control  from the revolution of the war due to its testimony for the  great  leadership  ability  of leading the  nation  towards the  victory  and succeeding in preserving the union without destroying the  democracy  that assured his ever lasting place in the history of America.  Success never came to him  very  easily. 10 At the time of his  early  political career, the setbacks and defeats outweighed the achievements and victories. Throughout the time of Civil war  period, his  basic  character  was shone  through: his basic decency, good will, and  remark able  self-confidence  encapsulated into his genuine humility,  immunity  to passions,  hatred  the spawned war, spirit generosity, and  extraordinary  patience. Even in the war darkest days, Lincoln never faltered into his  commitment  for preserving until the union  was restored. The political and personal qualities of Abraham Lincoln brought him to  face  the challenge of waging the civil war. After the Civil war, the  lesson  and experiences of  life  made the Lincoln rethink about the  early  teachings and even restored his faith in Bible and God. Specially, public and personal losses endured at the time of the presidency that leads him towards reassessing

Cultural Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Cultural Autobiography - Essay Example Initiator-Cheerleader is also exhibited by parents when they motivate their children to improve their performance in school. Assertive communication is the type of communication that is commonly used by parents while giving guidelines to the children. It is usually informal and verbal. Initially, the change in cultural practices was confusing, but I was able to adapt to the new culture. It influenced my cultural experience in the sense that I became open minded to accept the diversity of cultures. I realized that each culture has certain values that are unique to it, and that all these values are focused on maintaining the integrity of the community members. The current culture and the original one have several similarities and differences. In both, family, education and spirituality are highly valued. All families participate in communal matters such as weddings and burial ceremonies. All community members congregate at a common place every time a new issue arises in the community, for example outbreak of a disease or natural disasters. The original culture was different from the current culture in that, only men got employed while women took care of the home and the children, but in the current culture, both men and women are employed equally. The change in the social and cultural nature of society has caused a change in my conception about culture in general. I have realized that culture is something that can change over time if people accept these changes, especially when different cultures mix through migration or

Training Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Training Plan - Assignment Example We will be using online skill tests, shadowing/role play, and individual learning to properly train a new hire for this position. The full extent, including on-going training can take up to 6 months. The role of customer service at Sport Chek is responsible for acting as a link between customers and the company. The main roles include assisting with orders, complaints, errors, billing, account questions, and cancelations. There are a variety of resources needed to properly train new employees including space, computers, printer/paper, online training modules and of course, time. All in all, the new hire will cost approximately $1000, which shows how important employee retention is. The training objectives are used to equip the newly acquired personnel with the knowledge, skills, and abilities that ensure they will be a productive part of the customer service force at Sport Chek. The new trainee should have the ability to communicate effectively with coworkers and customers, to start conversations with customers, to analyze and solve problems, and have the basic computer skills to work a register (POS system). The knowledge of general sports, sports fashion/ attire, and outdoor activities are essential. The trainee must also have the ability to learn through observations and hands on experience. In order for sports industry to meet the changing needs of demographic, it is essential that new trainees become more dynamic, flexible and innovative with knowledge of general sports, sports fashion/ attire, and outdoor activities. New employees of Sport Check must understand that the firm is the leading retailer of sporting goods in Canada. Therefore, having the privilege to work in the merchandise store exposes the employee to the greatest product brands that exist across the globe. All new employees of Sport Check merchandise store should have a

Sun Tzu Emphasizes the Importance of Intelligence, Surprise, and Essay

Sun Tzu Emphasizes the Importance of Intelligence, Surprise, and Deception - Essay Example This paper is a comparative analysis of application of intelligence, surprise and deception within the Iraq and United States military during the period between 1990 and 1998. Before investigating on the use of intelligence, surprise and deception in the two countries, it is important to interrogate the meaning of the three terms in military operations. Intelligence support plays a critical role in determining the success of military operation. According to Pace, military intelligence â€Å"provides crucial insights regarding sensitive opportunities that could be exploited by the military to overcome the targeted enemy† (12). Intelligence enables military commanders to clearly indentify the intended end state and establish when the end state of a particular operation is attained (Pace, 12). Pace argues that visualization of the battle space is one the most important role of intelligence to the military. Visualizing the battle space includes possessing the facts about the physi cal and manmade installations in the areas of military operation. In addition, visualizing requires the knowledge about the most current information about the activities of the enemy forces in that particular space and the future potential of the adversary to function in the region of military interest (14). According to Handel (60), collection of accurate military intelligence requires an in-depth understanding of the enemy, especially the objectives that motivate their actions in the battle field (Sharp, 17). Establishing the objectives of the enemy in war is one of the greatest challenges of collecting military intelligence. These challenges are caused by difficulties in determining and predicting actions and response between the enemy and the offensive force once the process of establishing the intent is initiated. In most situations, well intended actions from the joint forces trigger a reaction from the enemy and this could jeopardize the entire operation prematurely. Betts (8 3) argues that determining the extent of reaction from the enemy requires possession of accurate and timely intelligence that would enable the commanders to determine and plan future friendly actions to extract the intentions of the enemy without raising undue suspicion. Possession of appropriate intelligence enables the force commanders to consider different factors that affect the operation directly or indirectly before deciding on the action for establishing the intentions of the adversary. According to Pace, intelligence plays an important role in the three stages of military operations which include during peace, war and during other operations that do not involve war (36). During peacetime, intelligence assists commanders in purchasing relevant supplies, defend and protect their technological appliances and structuring their organizations to enhance efficiency. In addition, periods of peace provide military commanders with opportunities of designing appropriate training regime ns for the combatants and other servicemen. Moreover, intelligence agencies monitor foreign countries and organizations with objectives of establishing potential threats during peacetime (Pace, 38-40). During military operations other than war intelligence is helpful to military commanders because it enables them to make suitable decisions on which forces to deploy at a particular future period, how and where to deploy, in a

Our Current Use of Internet Technology and Recommendations for the Essay

Our Current Use of Internet Technology and Recommendations for the Future - Essay Example Knowing fully well that this company, Dixons, is a retail company dealing in electronics, the Internet has greatly helped us in running our business. There are so many ways the Internet has helped our business, but I will talking about how it has helped the marketing department of this organization. Before adopting the Internet, millions of pounds are spent on marketing the company's products and services. Some of these spending could be justified while others were just unnecessary. The forms of advertising adopted were: direct sales, yellow pages advertising, newspaper and magazine advertising as well. Television adverts were also part of the marketing strategies adopted by the organization. Though these strategies worked, they still had their limitations and were consuming so much from the company's purse. The Internet has reduced these limitations and has also cut down the cost of marketing ever since we have been using it. By running our business on the Internet, the cost of advertising has greatly reduced. The cost of running a direct sale campaign is very alarming. Materials have to be printed, packaged in an envelope and then sent to their respective destinations. The Internet has eliminated all these expensive processes and replaced them with relatively inexpensive strategies. One of the marketing strategies we are adopting now, which is v... There are neither printing costs nor any postage stamp to be bought. It has a higher response rate that the direct sales method. The effectiveness of this method is based on the fact of reselling to those who have bought from us, the existing customers. It is conventional wisdom in the high street retail trade that it cost ten times more to attract a new customer than to keep an existing one (Bruce Durie, 2001). Whenever we make a sale, we get the email addresses of the new customer. We get in touch with them on a regular basis and then recommend some other products that may be complementary to what they have bought earlier. This has also afforded us to build relationships with the customers. When we recommend new products to them, they gladly patronize us because of the relationship we have with them. Another online promotional strategy the marketing department is using is banner advertising. The way this is done is that we have our graphics designers design banners that we can place on other people's website for a nominal fee. This is a very simple and inexpensive marketing strategy. There are several high-traffic websites who are willing to give a space on their web pages in order to generate revenue. What we do is that we find out these websites and contact their owners to find out what it will take to place our banner on their websites. We find out that the cost these webmasters charge is very cheap. The opportunity they offer all is great. For a little cost, we are able to expose our products to hundreds of thousands of people every month. This has also generated a lot of traffic to our website and has helped so much with the sales being generated. This form of advertising has greatly

Small and Medium Enterprises Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Small and Medium Enterprises - Coursework Example It has been found that over the past several years throughout the industrialized countries the extra growth that has been achieved is due to the large growth in SMEs (Barakat, 2001). SMEs constitute the dominant form of business organization, accounting for over 95% and up to 99% of enterprises depending on the country. They are responsible for between 60-70% net job creation in OECD countries. Small businesses are particularly important for bringing innovative products or techniques to the market (OECD, 2006). SMEs in any country can grow by partnerships between the private and the public sector by provision of high quality business support that includes training for the development and improvement of the managerial skills for potential and currently operating SMEs. Furthermore, government can assess SMEs in selling their products and services domestically as well as on international front. But most important factor is the financial support. Availability of capital and credit is considered as a major stimulant for the development of the SMEs in many industrialized nations and specially the developing world. Besides government larger and bigger businesses and corporations operating in an economy can help SMEs become more viable business partners by providing training in basic skills such as management, bookkeeping, business planning, marketing, distribution, and quality control. They can assist through technology transfers, direct investment in infrastructure, and the sharing of knowledge. This will make SMEs more competitive and facilitates access to credit. SMEs as their start up financing and also operations and working capital needs require greater access to financial services and investment capital. Unlike SMEs big businesses have little difficulty in securing sizeable bank loans and private investments. At the same time, microfinance, consisting of very small loans, tends to benefit individual entrepreneurs. SMEs fall in between and often struggle to obtain credit and loans. Some 90% of entrepreneurs in Latin America are obliged to source much of their financing from personal savings according to Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) estimates, a picture true throughout much of the developing world (World Business Council for sustainable development). Many financial institutions in the developed and the developing world are reluctant to fund SMEs because of perceived risk and high transaction costs.16 SMEs in the developing world are considered high-risk, as their managers are perceived as lacking managerial expertise, credit history, and/or tangible assets to secure loans. Thus loans to SMEs, when they are able to obtain them, tend to carry higher interest rates and shorter pay-back times. Definition of an SME There is not a single characteristic that is used to define an SME; and thus there is no single definition of SME that can be used as a standard for businesses to qualify as and SME or a large business. Some economists, governments and analysts define SMEs in terms of their revenue generation capabilities, others see how many people have been employed, more criteria consider the land that is occupied for business operations. European Union's indication for a small business is one with a headcount of less than 50 and a microenterprise as one with a maximum of 10 employees; whereas

Global disaster management Essay Example for Free

Global disaster management Essay Disaster management became global; financial resources together with the establishment of several associate and group organizations sprang up. Mass media took up the root with each major and minor disaster reported universally. Disaster tradition were formed and disseminated by the mass media. Until this global agenda was affirmed, environmental issues were still in their infancy and the number of research or consulting organizations focused on disasters was exceptionally small. The concern of disaster research units (mainly university-affiliated) and disaster management units in public administrations only became noticeable in the second half of the century in the late fifties. By the start of new millennium, the number of disaster-related organizations had grown exponentially. The U. S. government alone has no fewer than twenty-six major agencies as well as dozens of regional offices dealing with disasters. There are a further ninety-five specialized units established for contradictory disaster situations. To this can be added eighty U. S. domestic non-govermental organizations (NGOs). This number can be used as a rough suggestion of the same process occurring all through the Western world. The sharing of disaster-related global-based agencies likewise grew, comprising over ninety major public agencies with offices all through the world. This guide of the globalization of disaster management also supported the hold of public administration on the area of disasters. It has also led to interagency divergences and problems of management, as well as protective imperatives, turf wars, and competition (International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, 1996). What was evident at the national or state level-at which public administrations subjugated the definition of disaster, who was capable to be a disaster victim, what help would be afforded, and so on-was now extensive at the global level by other forms of public administration in diverse guises. As some critical reports have noted, the results have been at the similar mediocre levels of disaster management (on a larger scale), where in several cases such â€Å"assistance† was more unfavourable than supportive. The most observable of these have been linked with the droughts in Africa, where NGOs and international aid have in fact harmed more people than they have helped.

The French Revolution Essay Example for Free

The French Revolution Essay The events leading to the French Revolution are quite obvious. 30 million people living in France, most living in small, rural villages while less than a million people lived in Paris. The population was growing rapidly but the economy was not. The previous king had spent too much money fighting wars and the national debt was staggering. There was an obvious rift between classes; peasants were starving while the noble class continued to live opulent lifestyles. At the beginning of the Revolution, after the storming of the Bastille, the French monarch attempted to clean up their finances and a representative government was created, complete with a Declaration of Rights. This phase was led by the Third Estate of the Estates General. A legislative assembly was formed, and war was declared on Austria and Prussia. It was at the end of this phase in 1792 when King Louis XVI was forced to flee the throne. The second phase of the Revolution is known as the National Convention. After the death of the king in the beginning of 1793,the economy did not improve. This led to riots and counter-revolutionary activities which led toâ€Å"The Reign of Terror â€Å", run by Maximilen Robespierre. A committee for public safety was created, which arrested people for committing crimes, sometimes as small as stealing food, and sent them to the guillotine. Almost 17,000 people were be-headed during this time. In 1795, after the execution of Robespierre, a new constitution was created along with a new legislature. The French were tired of fighting and suffering, so despite distrusting the new legislature, called the Directory, most were willing to accept these changes. The Revolution ended in 1799, thanks to the military direction of Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military leader who eventually became the Emperor of France. He spent the first years of the Revolution fighting on the French island of Corsica. When he came to mainland France, he continued to fight for the Republicans. His military career, along with his popularity, had many ups and downs. He led military campaigns in Italy, Egypt and other countries and often had differences with higher ranking military officials. Napoleon became Emperor of France in 1804, five years after the revolution ended, essentially reinstating a type French monarchy. Over the course of ten years, he led more battles across Europe, divorced and re-married, and had the Pope imprisoned when he attempted to ex-communicate Bonaparte. Napoleon abdicated the throne in 1814 to his son, and was sent into exile, which he later escaped and was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815. He died in 1821 under British surveillance.

Case Study: Mother Dairy Milk

Case Study: Mother Dairy Milk Mother Dairy Milk Case Study On Mother Dairy Abstract Mother Dairy is looking to take advantage of the opportunity which are in galore available for all milk manufactures. Mother Dairy-Delhi was set up in 1974 under the operation flood programme. it is now a subsidiary company of National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). Mother Dairy sources its entire requirement of liquid milk from dairy cooperatives. Similarly, Mother dairy sources fruits and vegetables from framers/growers associations. Mother dairy also contributes to the cause of oilseeds grower cooperatives that manufacture/pack the Dhara range of edible oils by undertaking to nationally market al dhara products. Of the three As of marketing-availability, acceptability and affordability, Mother dairy is already endowed with first two. Hence no efforts are needed to make it acceptable. Its availability is not a limitation either, because if the ample scope for increasing milk production, given the prevailing low yields from dairy cattle. It leaves the third vital marketing factor affordability. How to make milk affordable for the large majority with limited purchasing power? That is essence of the challenge. Current theories of strategy and organization suggest that Mother Dairy benefit from related diversification and tight coordination of the multidivisional structure. This Project aims to probe into this issue by using theoretical framework of strategy, structure and performance. three issues will be addressed by us: a) What strategies and structure does Mother Dairy adopt in a constantly changing and turbulent developing economy? B) Do the influences of Mother Diary have interaction effects with environmental conditions? C) How does Mother Dairy make its competitor not to grasps its market in the gurgaon area? Introduction â€Å"Mother Dairy† is the single largest brand of milk in Delhi, India as well as in Asia, marketing about 1.9 million litres of milk per day.Mother Dairy commands 40% market share in the organised sector in and around Delhi, primarily because of consistent quality and service what ever be the crisis-floods, transport strike, curfew etc. Mother Dairy, Patparganj, Delhi, is presently manufacturing selling around 8.5 lakh litres of tonned milk through bulk vending shops. Mother Dairy, Delhi is an IS/ISO-9001:2000 and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) and IS-14001:1996 Envoirnment Management System (EMS) Certified organisation.Mother Dairy was the first industry in country to implement ISO-14031(Envoirnment Performance Evaluation) project. The comany’s Quality Assurance Laboratory is ISO/IEC-17025:1999 certified by NABL (National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratory), Department of Science Technology, India.This provides assurance to the consumer in respect of Quality and Safety of products manufactured and marketed by Mother Dairy Background of Mother Dairy The main reasons for the low yield are:  · Lack of use of scientific practices in mulching. Inadequate availability of fodder in all seasons. Unavailability of veterinary health services. Indian Dairy Products The term Indian Dairy Products refers to those milk products, which originated in undivided India. Flow Chart of Conversion of Milk Into Traditional Indian Dairy Products sMilk Cultured Condensed Acid Precipitation Shrikhand Ghee Lassi Kadbi Misti Doi Rabri Kheer Kkoa Paneer Sandesh Chhana Rasgoola Pantoda Rasmalai Burfi Pedha Kalakand Gulabjamun Major Players There are virtually 15 major Dairy Cooperative Federations in India, namely: Andhra Pradesh Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd (APDDCF) Bihar State Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd (COMPFED) Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd (GCMMF) Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd. (HDDCF) Himachal Pradesh State Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd (HPSCMPF) Karnataka Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd (KMF) Kerala State Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd (KCMMF) Madhya Pradesh State Cooperative Dairy Federation Ltd (MPCDF) Maharashtra Rajya Sahakari Maryadit Dugdh Mahasangh (Mahasangh) Orissa State Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd (OMFED) Pradeshik Cooperative Dairy Federation Ltd (UP) (PCDF) Punjab State Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd (MILKFED) Rajasthan Cooperative Dairy Federation Ltd (RCDF) Tamilnadu Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd (TCMPF) West Bengal Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd. (WBCMPF) National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) is the central cooperative board of the country and was created to promote, finance and support producer-owned and controlled organizations mentioned above. Two main players – Amul of GCMMF and Mother Dairy of NDDB – is the leading brand in India. Our main focus is to analyze the strategic move of NDDB for mother Dairy from top to bottom. Thus we are going to concentrate on the progress of Mother Diary and NDDB for their future strategies. Historical Background of Mother Dairy MotherDairy is the single largest brand of milk in India as well as in Asia, marketing about 2.2 million litres of milk per day. Mother Dairy commands 40% market share in the organized sector in and around Delhi, primarily because of consistent quality and service – whatever be the crisis floods, transportstrike, curfew etc. Mother Dairy, Patparganj, Delhi, is presently manufacturing selling around 8.5 lakh litres of tonned milk through bulk vending shops. Mother Dairy, Delhi is an IS/ISO 9001:2000 and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) and IS-14001:1996 Envoirnment Management System (EMS) Certified organisation. Mother Dairy was the first Dairy in the country to implement ISO-14031 (Envoirnment Performance Evaluation) project. Thecomanys Quality Assurance Laboratory is ISO/IEC- 17025:1999 certified by NABL (National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratory), Department of Science Technology, India. This provides assurance to the consumer in respect of Quality and Safety of products manufactured and marketed by Mother Dairy. The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) commissioned Mother Dairy in the first phase of Operation Flood in 1974. Considering the success of Dairy industry NDDB established Fruit Vegetable Project in Delhi in 1988 with SAFAL as its umbrella brand. With a view to separating the commercial activities from developmental activities, the NDDB merged Mother Dairy and the Fruit Vegetable project into a wholly owned company named Mother Dairy Fruit Vegetable Ltd (MDFVL) in April 2000. This becomes the holding company of Mother Dairy India Ltd (MDIL) – a marketing company and Mother Dairy Foods Processing Ltd (MDFPL) – a processing company. MDFPL is a multi unit company, with units at various locations in India. Mother Dairy, Delhi is one of the units of MDFPL. The company is a highly trusted house hold name for its wide range of milk products like Milk, Flavored Milk, Ice-Cream, Dahi, Lassi, Table Butter, Dairy Whitener, Ghee etc. The application for the award is being made for Mother Dairy, Delhi unit. Mother dairy has taken up the concept of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) wholeheartedly. The number of employees involved in KAIZENS and the no. of KAIZENS per employee are very encouraging. Mother Dairy is a member of CII-TPM Club and the KAIZENS done by Mother Dairy employees have been selected and presented in 2nd ,3rd ,4th and 5th National Kaizen Conferences held from time to time during the last three years. Our TPM efforts have resulted in increase in MTBF and decrease in MTTR, quality improvement, Cost reduction and reduction in accidents. Mother Dairy has received Best Productivity Performance award for three consecutive years starting from1987-88 to1989-90 and again from1995-96 to1997-1998 from National productivity Council and a commendation Certificate for Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award, National Energy Conservation Award 2004, Oil and Gas Conservation Award 2004, Indian Innovation Award 2004 and Safety Initiative Award 2005. Over the years, Mother Dairy has not only served the daily need of milk of the consumers of Delhi, it has also extended its milk to other States like Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh Gujarat and is expanding its wings rapidly to serve the masses. Strategically located Mother Dairy booths across Delhi and NCR make it convenient for you to pick up your daily requirement of Milk, Flavored milk, Butter, Dahi, Lassi, Cheese, Chaas†¦.mouth watering Ice Creams. The focus is on key markets for each of the categories. In the curd category, they have been in Delhi for a while now and launched in Mumbai. They hold a 60 per cent market share in Delhi, but it is too soon to gauge where we stand in Mumbai. Objectives and Business Philosophy of Mother Dairy The main stakeholder of Mother Dairy was the farmer member for whose welfare it existed. Unlike other organizations, their objective is not to maximize the profit. They are more interested in giving the best price for the farmers for their milk than in making a large profit. Thus they look at the price given to their suppliers as not a cost but as an objective. Mother Dairy had, as its main objective, â€Å"carrying out activities for the economic development of agriculturists by fficiently organizing marketing of milk and dairy produce, agricultural produce in raw and/or processed form and other allied produce†. This was to be done through: Common branding Centralized marketing Centralized quality control Centralized purchases and Pooling of milk efficiently Mother Dairy had declared, as its business philosophy, the following: ensure that milk producers and farmers regularly and continually receive market prices by offering quality milk, milk products and other food products to consumers at competitive prices and; uphold institutional structures that empower milk producers and farmers through processes that are equitable. The biggest strength of Mother Dairy was the trust it had created in the minds of its consumers regarding the quality of its products. NDDB, and its brand Mother Dairy, stood for guaranteed purity of whatever products it had produced. Adulteration was simply not done in any of its products. In India, where such trust was hard to come by, this could provide a central anchor for Mother Dairy’s future business plans. For more than 40 years Mother Dairy helping to create a national network has been adapted and extended to other commodities and areas. Their constant effort to learn and to enrich experience is central to their approach and capacities. In times to come, Mother Dairy shall strive to become a leading player in the food industry in India. Strategies Implemented 1. Focused Approach Mother Dairy wants to get into bigger markets and have bigger shares in those markets. The cooperative is also expanding its product portfolio further to match rival offerings – particularly those of Amul. For the first 22 years of its existence, liquid milk was the only dairy product that Mother Dairy offered. It was in 1996 that it came up with ice-creams. But the real spurt came about four years ago, when it introduced curd, flavoured milk, lassi and mishti doi. It introduced butter a year-and- half ago; ghee and UTH milk a year ago; and cheese, about 10 months ago. And under its frozen foods and vegetables brand Safal, besides the introduction of corn and mixed vegetables, it has come out with frozen potato-based snacks in a few months. So while the product portfolio has been growing, Mother Dairy has plans for reach out to newer markets but the strategy here is more product-specific. In liquid milk, it will initially concentrate only on four markets Delhi, its home ground; the Junagarh region and Ahmedabad in Gujarat; Mumbai, which it entered a few years ago; and Hyderabad, where it moved in a little more than a couple of years ago. They have no plans to go everywhere with liquid milk. Whats the need to get into those markets that already have strong co-operative brands? Their objective of getting into newer locations is not to make Mother Dairy larger, but to ensure that there is a large viable distribution network and consumer brand to take care of surplus milk. In Mumbai, where the liquid milk market is close to 40 to 42 lakh (4 to 4.2 million) litres a day, only about 20-22 lakh (2-2.2 million) litres a day is in the organised market and that too is highly fragmented with a number of smaller players with shares of about 10,000-20,000 litres a day. Mother Dairy claims a share of 170,000 litres a day, with the biggest player, Mahananda, selling about 800,000 litres a day and Aarey and Amul about 250,000-300,000 litres a day each. In Hyderabad, Mother Dairy claims it has a 15 per cent market share of the approximate 9-10 lakh (900,000 to 1 million) litres a day of the organised market. These are still early days in the two markets, but we are looking at 10-12 per cent growth in the overall fresh milk segment. 2. Wider Spread However, as far as other dairy products are concerned, Mother Dairy plans to expand across the board. Other than milk, for most state federations, dairy products are still a small part of their operations. So they are taking their products to regions across India, where they see enough market potential. In ice creams, it was only a bit more than two years ago that Mother Dairy entered its first market outside Delhi UP and Punjab. Today, its extended its operation to Haryana, Jaipur, Mumbai and Kolkata as well. Next year, it plans to go south to Hyderabad and Bangalore. In the case of butter and cheese, its present across north India, Mumbai and Kolkata, and has plans to enter Bangalore by year-end. In UTH milk, it has entered Mumbai and the milk-short areas of West Bengal and north-east. For ghee, although the current focus is the northern region, it has plans for a nationwide presence. As far as Mother Dairys non-dairy products are concerned, edible-oil brand Dhara has already has nationwide presence. 3. Product Differentiation While Mother Dairy still may not have a product portfolio as large as Amul, which is also expanding across the country in a big way and is a much bigger player, its doing its bit. Mother Dairy says the idea is not just to enter new markets, but to do well in those markets which mean bigger market shares in the different product categories in whichever market it is present. The drivers will be value created through quality of the offerings as well as innovations in products. This will, of course, be backed by relevant marketing and promotion campaigns.Mother Dairy are bringing in mass Indian flavours which are building up in terms of absolute percentage of contribution. Their attempt is to make the taste experience in ice creams as familiar as possible so as to increase consumption. Take the case of curd. It started off very slow but today, Mother Dairy claims its growing at close to 60 per cent year-on-year in Delhi. Here again, the Indian flavour formula seems to have worked. While curd from an MNC player is probably based on international formulation, they formulated it to taste as close to home-made curd as possible. If the offering fits well with the Indian consumer, the resistance is lower and acceptance more. 4. Smart Marketing On the marketing front, Mother Dairy says its trying to take its product campaigns and communications to a higher platform. For instance, in the case of milk, the campaigns do not talk about the obvious benefits milk is good for health, it has calcium and so on but rather it targets children and are created around ideas such as The country needs you, grow faster. As far as products such as butter, cheese and ice creams go, the campaigns have been created around taste. For butter again, the focus is on children. Here, Mother Dairy has dared to go different. Since 60 per cent butter is consumed by kids, the company wants them to sit up and take notice of its butter. Makkhan Singh, a sturdy jovial cow (a cartoon character) has been made its brand ambassador. While Mother Dairy has been carrying out school programmes games and activities – involving Makkhan Singh in Delhi, it has plans to take such activities to Mumbai and Kolkata as well. It also runs a gaming website on the character to attract children. Its cheese for children again. A couple of months ago, Mother Dairy carried out a retail activity: Cheese khao superhero ban jao, where kids buying cheese at a retail outlet were invited for a photo op dressed as superheros through Polaroid cameras; and the framed photograph was presented to them. The activity was carried out in about 150 outlets in Delhi and Mumbai, with about 20,000-25,000 snaps being taken. Cheese was also something that helped the company bond better with its retailers. In November 2005, retailers in Delhi displayed banners proclaiming, Cheese ke saath bees ki cheez, a proposal that said if a consumer buys Mother Dairy cheese, the retailer can offer him anything worth Rs 20 from the shop which worked better than offering something free with the product, which the consumer didnt even needs. The exercise resulted in better ties with retailers. A positive response made Mother Dairy to repeat it in Kolkata as well. Clearly, Mother Dairy has aggressive plans. But, strong regional brands and other co-operatives will continue to give it tough competition. Perspective Strategies applied by Mother Dairy Mother Dairy maps the future of dairying in India, setting realistic goals for Strengthening Cooperative Business, Production Enhancement, Assuring Quality and Creating an Information and Development Research. The plan was realised with the successful completion of the Operation Flood Programme and has been developed by the State Milk Marketing Federations and the Milk Producers Cooperative Unions in consultation with the Dairy Board. The goals and strategies to meet them have been drawn by its actual implementers Federation and Unions and supported by NDDB. 1. Strategy for Strengthening Cooperative Business: Recruit, train and motivate increasing numbers of women to work for Mother Dairy to achieve significant improvements in dairy husbandry, as they primarily shoulder animal. husbandry related responsibilities in rural India. Consolidation and growth in milk and milk product marketing, promoting better equity for regional cooperative brands and developing qualified and skilled manpower. Education of producer members, opinion leaders and trained professionals to be expanded and strengthened. Empower local leaders, strengthen societies and equip their staff and members with the skills and information they need. Persuade the State and Central Governments to remove the shackles on cooperative laws so dairy can compete on equal terms with other forms of enterprise. 2. Strategy for Production Enhancement: Improve the production potential of indigenous breeds of cattle such as Sahiwal, Gir, Rathi and Kankrej and breeds of buffalo such as Murrah, Mehsana and Jaffarbadi through appropriate selection programme. Cross non-descript cattle with Holestein Friesian in areas with adequate feed and fodder and with Jersey in resource-poor areas. Increase the production and use of high quality feed appropriate to local conditions. Increase production and availability of green and ensiled fodder. Encourage unions, NGOs and cooperatives to put common property area under improved pasture and fodder tree. Expand first-aid coverage through village level societies Increase vaccination of animals against HS, BQ and FMD Develop Mastitis and Brucellosis control strategies 3. Strategy for Assuring Quality: Identify and address quality related problems at every stage from the producer at the village cooperative, to the dairy plant and the process of final delivery to the consumer. Facilitate improvement of hygiene, sanitation, food safety and operating efficiency in the dairy plants and sensitize dairy personnel to product quality aspects as per international standards. 4. Strategy for Creating an Information and Development Research Link large cooperatives, Unions, Federations and NDDB in a national network that collects, adds value and disseminates information Ensure availability of analytical information for Policy Planning and Decision Support Mother Dairy has different plans for its dairy business, which includes flavoured milk, lassi, curd, butter and cheese besides its toned milks. Each of these products has a regional stronghold, with a shelf life of 10 days. However, the company is looking at alternatives that would increase the shelf life and allow the products to be distributed in other parts of the country as well. In the ice cream segment, the company has been able to capture 15 per cent of the market, and hopes to increase it to 20 per cent by 2008. On MDILs marketing strategies while the company does a lot of innovative advertising and on field activities, it spends 3-4 per cent of the turnover on marketing. All categories were experiencing a growth of 30-40 per cent per annum, and that the turnover was growing at 15-17 per cent every year. Mother Dairy had clocked a turnover of Rs 1,800 crore in 2005-06 and was looking at clocking Rs 2,200 crore in 2006-07. Diversification Moves by Mother Diary After becoming a pan-India player recently, dairy chain Mother Dairy, a subsidiary of the National Diary Development Board, is now eyeing a turnover of one billion dollar in the next two years. Following expansion of their business in other cities and with the launch of new products, they are expecting to cross one billion dollar turnover by the end of FY 2009. The dairy chains topline has been growing at a rate of 22-25 per cent per annum and is expecting a turnover of Rs 2,700 crore this fiscal. Mother Dairy will be the second dairy chain in the country after Amul to cross the one billion turnover milestone, if it achieves the target. For over three decades, Mother Dairy restricted its presence mainly in the National Capital Region in the fresh milk and other milk products segment. This year it went for a market expansion across the country. They have a plan to capture all the top six markets in the milk and milk products segment in the country. It has recently entered the fresh milk market in Hyderabad and simultaneously made foray into curd, ice-cream and lassi segments in Mumbai market. Mother Dairy markets dairy products such as fresh liquid milk, ice-creams, and other milk products. It also markets Dhara range of edible oils and the Safal range of fresh fruits and vegetables and fruit juices. Mother Dairy are present by and large in most of the big categories; now it is more about foraying into niches and value-added versions in the same categories. For instance, they have been in the curd and ‘lassi’ categories for around five-six years, but they have now forayed into probiotic curd and ‘lassi’. Advertisement and Promotion by Mother Dairy On the marketing front, Mother Dairy says its trying to take its product campaigns and communications to a higher platform. For instance, in the case of milk, the campaigns do not talk about the obvious benefits milk is good for health, it has calcium and so on but rather it targets children and are created around ideas such as The country needs you, grow faster. As far as products such as butter, cheese and ice creams go, the campaigns have been created around taste. For butter again, the focus is on children. Amul butter may be selling the most, but the advertising and promotions are almost always targeted at adults, points out an analyst citing Amuls popular Utterly-Butterly campaigns. Here, Mother Dairy has dared to go different. Since 60 per cent butter is consumed by kids, the company wants them to sit up and take notice of its butter. Makkhan Singh, a sturdy jovial cow (a cartoon character) has been made its brand ambassador. While Mother Dairy has been carrying out school programmes games and activities – involving Makkhan Singh in Delhi, it has plans to take such activities to Mumbai and Kolkata as well. It also runs a gaming website on the character to attract children. Equity and empathy are being built for the brand, the values for which it stands, and the various other Mother Dairy products, which draw their core values from Mother Dairy milk. Its cheese for children again. A couple of months ago, Mother Dairy carried out a retail activity: Cheese khao superhero ban jao, where kids buying cheese at a retail outlet were invited for a photo op dressed as superheros through Polaroid cameras; and the framed photograph was presented to them. The activity was carried out in about 150 outlets in Delhi and Mumbai, with about 20,000-25,000 snaps being taken. It claims that the exercise resulted in better ties with retailers. A positive response made Mother Dairy to repeat it in Kolkota as well. Clearly, Mother Dairy has aggressive plans. But, strong regional brands and other co-operatives will continue to give it tough competition. It will not be a cakewalk anymore. Mother Dairy and Its Programme for Management of Change Mother Dairy looked at all its operations, strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities available, and came to the conclusion that it had to become more customer centred (rather than merely being farmer or supplier centred). This required paying close attention to the customer needs and quality. Mother Dairy realized that it was not enough that Mother Dairy itself was wedded to these ideas; the entire supply chain had to conform. Hence it launched a â€Å"Total Quality Management† or TQM to ensure the high quality of the products from the starting point (the village farmer who supplied milk) right through the value chain until it reached the consumer. This meant the need for the involvement of farmers, transporters, factory personnel, wholesalers and retailers, each of whom had a role to play. What began as a TQM movement radually became a movement for management of change in the entire value chain. Mother Dairy’s Management of Change (MOC) initiative was launched in six areas: cleanliness of the dairy co-operative societies, planning and budgeting of the dairy cooperative society, artificial insemination service, quality testing and milk measurement by the dairy co-operatives, animal feeding and management practices and self leadership development. Analysis and the Result of The Case The strategy implied by Mother Dairy was that it wanted to increase its market share by providing the best quality to its consumers and building trust with the customers in the long run unlike other organization, there objective is not to maximize profit. Their strategy involves paying the best price to the farmers then making a large profit. Thus there objective is to give the best price to there suppliers. Few common strategies adopted by them is as follows: Common branding Focused approach Product differentiation Smart Marketing Product enhancement and assured quality etc Recently to increase its market share it has introduced several new products positioned against its competitors like amul. Some of the items are ice-cream, lassi, curd, mishti doi etc. The modus operandi includes providing the best quality and taste which is almost a substitute to the home made products. So the mother dairy is trying to get more familiar taste and come closer to the consumers directly. In case of the marketing of the mother dairy products as in the case example of marketing of cheese, in which they have targeted a age group. They are much targeted to a particular age group especially kids and a younger people who are in the growing age. End Notes Mother dairy plans to increase its market share with the introduction of new products and enhancing its market outside delhi to other places. Mother dairy has launched its ice-creams ,curd ,probiotic curd, sweet curd etc. to increase the market share. The advertisement strategies used by Mother dairy is also unique and better than its competitors. A specific age group is targeted and effort is made to sustain that age group of customers. Also profit is the least important motive of it but customer satisfaction is the main roots of their growth. . Bibliography 1. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/12/31/07hdline.htm 2. http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/jul/04spec1.htm 3. www.nddb.org 4. www.motherdairy.com 5. http://www.fnbnews.com/article/ articled=19121 6.http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20strategy2/National%20Dairy%20Development%20Board-Dairy%20Cooperative%20Movement.htm 7. Empowerment Case Studies: National Dairy Development Board 8. www.indiadairy.com 9. Opportunities and Challenges in the Indian Dairy Industry – Dr. K. G. Karmakar and Dr. G. D. Banerjee

Women in the Military :: Women in Military Essays

Women in the Military   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gun shots go over head. Bang, boom, run, run, run, hurry, go, boom, is all that can be heard. It’s completely dark outside. You can barely see ten feet in front of your face. All that can be seen is outlined figures of individuals running every which way. Shouting is coming from every direction. What should you do? Every second you think leaves your body vulnerable. You are in the middle of a high intensity fire fight. All of sudden you feel a little weak in the knees. You are still standing up, but you cannot walk even one step. You feel faint, almost a sick type of feeling. You look down and you notice blood coming from your body. Then it becomes apparent†¦you have been shot. You fall to the ground; everything is in slow motion and you yell as loud as possible for help. Medivac is on the way but you have to be carried a half a mile away from the conflict for them to pick you up. Can the individuals on your team carry your body all that way. After all they are tired as it is. What if the only person that could be counted on is a woman who is not able to lift you†¦then what? Because women do not go through the same physical standards as men, they should not be allowed to serve in the United States Military.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now I don’t want to sound like a woman basher. I believe women are capable of doing the same roles as men do. They need to undergo the basic training standards as men though. Here are a few interesting facts about basic training physical test standards in the United States Marine Corps for men and women. The Marine Corps has the hardest physical standards among all the branches in the military. Men have to run a three mile course in twenty-six minutes. Women have to run the exact same three mile course, but they are allowed an additional six minutes to do it in. They have to do run in a maximum time of thirty-two minutes. Does this seem right? This is not all. Men also have to complete three pull-ups before going to the next test; women, only one. Men have to do fifty push-ups and sixty-five sit-ups each in a time of two minutes. Not women. They only have to do thirty push-ups and only a pathetic fifty sit-ups in that same amount of time.

Vouchers and School Choice - The Use of School Vouchers :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Use of School Vouchers There has been a lot of debate recently over the use of school vouchers. Voucher programs offer students attending both public and private schools tuition vouchers. It gives taxpayers the freedom to pick where their tax dollars go. In theory, good schools will thrive with money and bad schools will lose students and close its doors. Most people feel that taking taxpayer money from public schools and using this money as vouchers for private schools is a violation of the constitution. Most private schools in America right now are run by religious organizations. There has been a lot of controversy over this issue mainly because of the importance of an education in a modern society. School choice initiatives are based on the premise that allowing parents to choose what schools their children attend is not only the right thing to do, but is also an important way for improving education. Instead of a one-size-fits-all model, School choice programs offer parents various options from which to pick the educational settings they believe will work best for their child. However, there is Supporters of school vouchers claim that it levels the educational playing field for lower income families who would have the option to send their kids away from an "ineffective" poorly funded public schools. Some lower class families feel that their kids would have a better chance with a tuition voucher to go to a private school where more money is spent on education. Many feel that vouchers would undermine public schools, by taking away public money for smaller class sizes, teacher training and innovative curriculum. Also, many feel that vouchers would erode the support for public education. In Milwaukee, voucher schools say they do not give special services to students with disabilities. Most of the voucher schools refused to sign a letter that they will honor constitutional rights such as free speech and due process. The letter stated that the schools would not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation, pregnancy, or marital status. Despite the controversy surrounding vouchers, the private school choice movement may be gaining support. In June of 1999, The Florida legislature approved a plan to give children in the state's worst schools taxpayer-funded tuition payments to attend qualified public, private, or religious schools.

The Jfk Assassination: Conspiracy Or Single-gunman? Essay -- essays re

The JFK Assassination: Conspiracy or Single-Gunman? Adolf Hitler, the Nazi dictator of Germany during World War II, once said, "The bigger the lie, the more people will believe it." Although this may sound ludicrous, we can see many example of this in the world's history. One example would have to be the John Fitzgerald Kennedy assassination. For over thirty years the people of the United States were led to believe that a single gunman shot and killed Kennedy in Dallas on November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m... However, in this paper, I will dispute the ancient analization of the facts that show a single gunman was involved, and try to show that a conspiracy must have been present. According to the old facts regarding the case of the JFK assassination, Kennedy was killed by a single gunman. On November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. CST (Central Standard Time), Kennedy was riding in an open limousine through Dallas, Texas. At this time, Kennedy was shot in the head and neck by a sniper. He was then taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital, where he was pronounced dead. Later, police arrested Lee Harvey Oswald, a former U.S. Marine, at a nearby theater. By the next morning, Oswald was booked for the murder of President John F. Kennedy. Two days later, Oswald was killed by Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub owner, while he was being moved from the city to the county jail. At a glance, the above story sounds as if this should be an open-and-shut case. After all, according to the facts above, Oswald must have killed Kennedy. However, you must take a deeper look into this case. Many people who witnessed the murder of John F. Kennedy dispute the facts above, saying that they heard shots from places besides the book depository, and other things that may contradict what is stated above. One of these witnesses, Abraham Zapruder, captured the entire assassination on his Bell and Howell eight millimeter movie camera. This movie, cleverly called the Zapruder Film, is the single best piece of visual evidence in this case. In order to more clearly understand the Zapruder Film, it is necessary to break it down into frames. The particular Bell and Howell movie camera that Zapruder was using ran at eighteen and three-hundredths (18.3) frames per second. When using this frame system, you must remember that all shots were actually fired several frames before the number that is assign... ...ives to kill the President. As you can see, the killing of John F. Kennedy was a conspiracy. There is no way a single gunman could have fired all the bullets that hit Kennedy and Connnally in that short period of time. Also, since Kennedy's head went back and to the left, the bullet must have been fired from the front and right of Kennedy. This shows that there was another gunman, which makes this a conspiracy. Someday, it would be nice if the truth is revealed about who fired the bullets, and how many gunmen there actually were. Bibliography 1. Harris, Robert. "The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: A Reassessment of Original Testimony and Evidence." 2. Harris, Robert. "The Single Bullet Theory: A Question of Probability." 3. Newman, John. "Oswald and the CIA." Carroll and Graf Publishers, Inc. New York: 1995. 4. Summers, Anthony. "Conspiracy." McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York: 1981. 5. "JFK" Directed by Oliver Stone. Warner Bros., Inc. 1991.

Foreign Language Instruction Should Begin In Kindergarten Essay

For years it was thought that learning foreign language is getting more and more important because of the globalization. In order to acquire a new language as soon as possible, amounts of parents would like to let their children begin to learn new languages in kindergarten. There are many positive effects if people learn foreign language when they are young children. Even though adults have advantages in learning new languages as well, children learning language easier than adults is still a common thing. This essay examines firstly that obtaining a new language benefits children increase their critical thinking skills and children are good at imitating native pronunciation then considers the advantage about adults learning additional language followed by the drawback of children learning new language in kindergarten. First of all, learning foreign language in kindergarten benefits young children to enhance their brains. Catherine Ford mentioned that the brain can been seen as muscle, the more exercises it does the better it functions, (2014). Every part can be trained even human brains. Take athletes as an example, every athletes need to do the exercises to build up their muscles, seems like the more exercises they do the stronger they are. However, they begin their sport area probably when they are teenagers. One thing should be known that human brains is the first part begin to strengthen, so it is a strategic decision to begin foreign language instruction in kindergarten. Moreover, young children do not need to learn difficult words in kindergarten, which makes these children are more interested in new language without any pressure. Basically children are always interested in fresh things, so they would like use what they have just learnt, which helps them to memorize new language words. It is clear to see that children could obtain a new language when they play soma games in kindergarten with their  peers. Some pupils are rebellious when they grow up, so it is a good chance to teach them language when they are in preschool. In addition, young children are really good at imitating native pronunciation, which is also an extremely crucial reason. ‘Children who learn a language before the onset of adolescence are much more likely to have native-like pronunciation’ (Baker, F n.d.). Compare to the adults who learn foreign language, it is well known that adults have experienced how to learn a language, but they always use the origin language pronunciation to learn foreign language. There are different grammars in different languages as well, so using the same way to learn new language wastes time sometimes. Another thing is that adults cannot only learn some simple words, because when they have a conversation with someone else they need to know many vocabularies of different aspects. All of these words’ pronunciations need to be memorized, which is a tough question for adults. Although children have to learn more words then adults when they grow up, they can still deal with it because they have already learnt the foundation of the language and made steady progress step by step. Perhaps it can be seen that children learn new language more easily than adolescence. On the other side, it should be doubted that the ability of adults to obtain a new language is weaker than the one of children. Basing on the word from Mo Costandi ‘The brain’s neuroplasticity decreases with age, but this shouldn’t put off older learners.’ (2014). Although the brain of an adult is different than the brain of a child, which is totally developed and might become more mature and more ineradicable toward aged issues even more resistant to a new thing. Human are never too old to learn, the ability of brain is immeasurable, scientists believes that the brain is a highly dynamic structure, which changes itself in response to new experiences, and adapts to injuries. (2014) Comparing to children, with large lives experience, adults can learn a new word by searching a relevant memory, that is the reason why learning a new language’s vocabulary is much easier for adults than learning the grammar and syntax. While without enough experience, children are difficult to understand a new word. Moreover, learning a new language is good for the health of the brain, some research suggested that pick up a second language can decreased the change to get a senile dementia for older learner. Secondly, children learn foreign language could forget their first language. It means if young children learn second language and practice with their partners for a long time, the mother language could be forgotten. ‘Research has shown that it is important to develop a child’s first language literacy before introducing a second language’ (APEC 2006). In this aspect, adults do it better than preadolescence, because they have used their mother languages for several decades. This research shows that human can have a deep memory with the languages what have been used for many years. By the way, if foreign languages are provided in kindergarten or preschool, most of children probably are going to lose their own mother languages. Sometimes languages could be seen as cultures. Part of parents would like to see their children studying foreign language in kindergarten only because they want to make their children have more advantages than children’s competitors in the future. However, these children’s foreign languages could not better than native speaker’s, and they lose their countries’ cultures. All of these illustrate children begin to learn foreign language in kindergarten is not suitable. It has been seen that, learning foreign language in kindergarten brings children not only the increase of critical thinking, but also the development of imitating skills. However, younger children could get more pressure when study extra language course and adults have experienced how to learn a language. Statistics show that there is still an increase in children learning a new language. More research needs to be carried out on implications of this trend for children learning foreign language with making their minds more creativity and flexibility. Reference list APEC 2006, Language learning and age, APEC, viewed 24 February 2015, http://hrd.apec.org/index.php/Language_Learning_and_Age Baker, F n.d., Children learning a second language, Kidspot, viewed 05 March 2015, http://www.kidspot.com.au/schoolzone/General-Children-learning-a-second-language+4095+396+article.htm Clarke, P 2009, Supporting children learning English as a second language in the early years (birth to sic years), VCAA, viewed 05 March 2015, http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/documents/earlyyears/supporting_children_learning_esl.pdf Costandi, M 2014, ‘Am I too old to learn a new language?’, The Guardian, 13 September, viewed 26 February 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/sep/13/am-i-too-old-to-learn-a-language Ford, C 2014, †Children should start learning languages at age three†, The Telegraph, 10 October, viewed 05 March 2015, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationopinion/11151726/Children-should-start-learning-languages-at-age-three.html Henry, J 2012, ‘Foreign language to be compulsory from age seven’, The Telegragh, 09 June, viewed 26 February 2015, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/primaryeducation/9321651/Foreign-languages-to-be-compulsory-from-age-seven.html Mclaughlin, B 1992, Myths and misconceptions about second language learning: what every teacher needs to unlearn, University of California, viewed on 26 February 2015, https://www.usc.edu/dept/education/CMMR/FullText/McLaughlinMyths.pdf Merritt, A 2013, ‘Are children really better at foreign language learning?’, The Telegraph, 18 September, viewed 05 March 2015, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationopinion/10315238/Are-children-really-better-at-foreign-language-learning.html Schartwen, E 2008, ‘Aussie kids ‘need a second language’’, Sydney Morning Herald, 23 May, viewed 26 February 2015, http://www.smh.com.au/national/aussie-kids-need-a-second-language-20080522-2hey.html Schouten, A 2009, The critical period hypothesis: support, challenge, and reconceptualization, Kanda University of International Studies, viewed 04

Consumerism: Want and New Pair Shoes Essay

In todays connection consumerism has taken a cock-a-hoop role in every unmatcheds lives because commonwealth seem to taint materialistic objects that they get int need, still defile for pleasure. multitude put one acrosst see that this is curbting an issue in our society because they be to focused on wanting more than for their satisfaction than they need. I seen all these advertisements on TV that show Nemours athletes turn outing the overbold so called gear, making every one want what they see such as tog, Jordans, Nike, and Vans. I myself I a similar(p) shoes, exclusively when non to the extent were I dedicate boxes and boxes piled up in my closet like some people.For example, I have friends who cloud $300 dollar shoes or camp the night at institution locker just to get the current Jordans, I find this shocking to remember what people be willing to do just to get a in the raw copulate of shoes. Some of my friends have a collection of Jordans stacked up against their wall of a value more or less around 3 to 4,000 dollars shocking I love. I sit back and laugh at my friends for wasting so such(prenominal) money on so m either an(prenominal) pairs of shoes thats they dont need and only wear them like once.Advertisements takes a big role in shoes by making athletes wear certain footwear that magically makes them give away at what they do weather it has to do with running faster or jump higher, tricking young minds into thinking they can be the same if they go out and buy the product. What image does the athlete project just about the product (Levine.302). These types of advertisements focus more on younger minds because they dont know better and are willing to spend an outrages amount of money. Statistics show that every char in the United States own at least 17 pairs of shoes or more. More and more people are consuming more than they need both to fit in with todays society or want the latest shoe brand.Shoes have plow a w orld-wide thing were people dont know whats seemly or how much it too much. For instants, Jordans are nice and comfortable but to pricey, were you have a pair of And 1 also a pair of hoops shoes were they cost about $50 dollars. What people are doing is basically purchase the brand notthe shoe. Horning states We are institutionally trapped in the prison- house of objective (Horning.316). Some people feel censurable when they go out the so called meat and feel the need to buy smart shoes all the time.This is where consumerism comes in and plays a big role society is blind to see that their wants have gone up drastically and dramatically. Thats what we like and thats what we buy (Horning.316). Anything people see they buy without thinking twice and knowing that they already have brand new pair shoes they have not worn-out because there to focused on get and buying till they see they no longer have space in their closet to put new shoes in.In Conclusion, Todays society has a bi g problem when it comes to consumerism because our younger generation doesnt know when to damp or whats too much. many a(prenominal) people should take into consideration that buying to many things doesnt make you fit in or make you any better than the next person who only has 3 pairs of shoes, society should take a little bit of more duty and take into count that our wants are not as important as our needs. exercise citedHorning, Robert. The Design Imperative.Dialogues An seam Rhetoric and contributor 7th ed. Ed. Gary Goshgarian and Kathleen Krueger. capital of Massachusetts Longman, 2011. 314-18. Print.Levine, Michael. Branded World. Dialogues An Argument Rhetoric and Reader 7th ed. Ed. Gary Goshgarian and Kathleen Krueger. Boston Longman, 2011. 302-05. Print.

Dutch Disease

The sorts are distinguished by their origin as well as the indications and clinical symptoms that happen.Later on 1970, when oil price soured by 4 times; UK was tempted to invest in North Sea oil industry in Scotland.Soon after exporting the oil, UK encountered with a serious recession personal following labor strike. Firm workers demanded for higher wage because their disposal income has decreased which stemmed letter from the fall in expensive commodity demand. UK has become a net export of oil and worth Pound got appreciated.Dutch disease is merely arithmetic.The term of â€Å"Dutch disease† for the first time came in an article in The chief Economist -1977 that described the case as a natural resource curse.The name of Dutch Disease generally associated with a natural valuable resource discovery, but it can be seen in any trade or investment activity how that results in a large inflow of foreign currency, including a rise in natural resource prices, foreign aid, and fo reign direct investment. The inflow of American treasures into Spain in 16th and gold discoveries in Australia in the 1850s are other two example of Dutch Disease diagnosis. By 1978, how this story repeated in Iran.

It normally contributes to a countrys currency appreciating in value.Russia is likely to be another innocent victim of this disease. Nearly 40% of GDP, 60% of export revenue and 60% of government marginal revenue depends on oil and gas production. General perception of Russian economics, like other resource-rich countries, expects the common symptom of disease.Russia as one of the main oil producer can easily impact on oil price by cost reducing or increasing the amount of production.The expression Dutch Disease was originally coined (and is most frequently used) to describe the effect of a pure important source windfall (natural gas in the instance of 1970s Netherlands).These all concludes to CAD appreciation which is logical not what a commercial sector of an economy try to reach at. Since we are on another side of history, revolution against energy consumption and climate change got more serious, the countries that are ail too dependent on natural resource are being question ed more than before. Except for short-run effect of asymmetric growth on resource optimal allocation and income distribution, we are better to think about long-run issue of not renewable resource severe depletion rate and future plan for rich-resource countries. 2.

In precisely the same manner, its real hard to reveal whats causing a drop in the industry.Increase in foreign currency 3. Foreign direct investment 4. Foreign aid 5. only Natural resource price growth While at the mid-term they would experience: 1.The growth of one sector may be a consequence of many things that range from increase in demand and higher price of a resource, the sudden discovery of a all-natural resource that is valuable or perhaps sudden surge in foreign aid resulting in the increase in currency value.Become a net import of manufactured goods 6. Losing export power in manufactured goods other than natural resources 7. Leading to uneven economyThis is the mechanism in which non-resource industries get hurt by valuable resource industry which proudly increases the wealth and spread the benefit unevenly across the country that accounts for hidden national economy turmoil, which make manufacturing jobs, move to lower cost countries. Canada logical and Oil Sand Feve r (3.

The appreciation of the domestic currency is likely to create the exports in businesses deeds that are various of the nation more expensive while imports will get cheaper.Tom Mulcair, the NDP leader, who is well being accused of dividing the country against each other, named the oil sand of Canada the dirty oil. He said that the booming of olive oil industry in Saskatchewan province would hollow out other provinces’ economy.He believes the oil exportation drive up the little value of dollar and hurt manufacturing sector. The studies show that the appreciation of Canadian several dollars relative to USD is driven by three factors.A appreciation of the exchange rate might have a total differential influence on economic growth.Arguments for and against the preposition) Investigating the proposition that the country has experienced a period of anglo Dutch disease, two conditions may need to be fulfilled. First, see if currency deep appreciation has driven up by the export or iented commodity prices. Second, see to what extend unemployment old has been affected in the manufacturing sector. According to Krugman (1987), it becomes a disease when the manufacturing sector what does not come back after the resource boom.

Competitiveness is lost by the country.(5. Government role to reduce the whole incident or mitigate the effect- foreign exchange intervention) â€Å"The gratification of wealth is not found in mere possession or in lavish expenditure, but in its wise application. – Miguel de Cervantes pino Saavedra Under transparently and wisely management, if government can diversify the manufacturing and export sectors to reduce dependency on the booming public sector and make them less vulnerable to external shocks, such as a sudden drop in commodity prices and at the same time avoid dumping all export revenue in the economy and devote fund of energy revenue to enforce other part of the industry through privatization and restructuring, the economy would be more resilience and integrated.In countries with temporary resource discovery, many policymakers may want to protect the non-trade sectors through foreign exchange intervention that is, building up foreign exchange coronary reserve through the sale of domestic currency to keep the foreign exchange value of the domestic currency lower to insulate the economy in condition the extra wealth spend wisely and to lead to inflation.DownDutch disorder empty can prove to be fatal unless nations use their exchange rate can be obtained by how their fortunes to market their economiesor.Moreover they firmly believe that their non-oil industry is not that due much big to get hurt from global competition and they would continue to develop the oil sector which is more competitive logical and they are good at. In Chad, after oil discovery on 2004, the Chadian government invested the income on summary developing crop production and feeding poor people at the same time. In order to deliver the food to poor in distance villages first the lack of road hindered the process. So the next main object was to improve transportation infrastructural.

Commonly, there develops a nation the disease syndrome in case of a financial windfall of earnings that results in destructive or harmful results from the market to include things.There are twenty two policies how to spend the money. If the foreign currency is traded with foreign commodity and spend on import, the domestically product other goods are remained unharmed. But suppose it is converted to local currency, this time the local productions last get affected. If the central bank decided for a fixed nominal exchange rate, after conversion the currency, the money supply increases, the local demand increase and local production price rise which leads to higher less real exchange rate.The scale dependence on petroleum revenue resulted in the decrease of distinct sectors such as company.M. and J. P. Neary.

The source of crude oil cant be increased because its become more and more challenging to discover and create oil reserves and is limited however.†¢Coulombe, S. , R. Lamy and S. old Rogers (2007).Second, the petroleum sector infrastructure is in disrepair.htm †¢Ebrahim-zadeh, Christine (March 2003, Volume 40, Number 1). â€Å"Back to very Basics – Dutch Disease: Too much wealth managed unwisely†. Finance and Development, A quarterly magazine of the IMF. IMF.

Marx’s Theory of Class

Marxs com ment of section. Its strengths and weaknesses. Although the innovation of physical body has a rudimentary impressiveness in bolshie guess, Marx does non sic it in a overbearing puddle. Marx left-hand(a) this trouble of producing a commentary of the purpose of complaisant association until a ample deal later. The ms of the cardin as wellme garishness of big(p) breaks slay at the instantment when Marx was well-nigh to declaration the fore get What constitutes a affiliate? plain with recreate discover his commentary of line, whiz pile hypothesise how the b come in is to be tacit in his writings.In the commie gentlemanifesto, Marx bring outs us with a scheme of adult male taradiddle as a period of fond f tout ensemble in exclusively a post struggles for stinting and governmental super indicant. The of import yres of pre- chief cityistic societies argon verbalize as bigwoman and slave, d stimulatecast and pleb eian, master happen upon and serf, guild-master and journeyman1. besides the rife motif of occidental hunting lodge is the action betwixt the exploiting warmheartedness fork and the utilise confinement movement. at that placeof it is the correct anatomical fond organization of advance(prenominal) capitalistic delivery, and the stratum struggles of this diverseness of family, which constitute the chief(prenominal) e hankeration tier for the bolshy conjecture of recital.This is assert by the commie Manifestos illustrious phrase, that the explanation of exclusively besides living beau monde is the report of entirely anatomy struggles2. The floor of civilized beau monde, for Marx, has been the history of cross off sufficient painss of folk maturation and command. It is the practice of mob restrainer pee up which de conditionines the global personality of the unit fond amicable organization. For example, the increment of stubble phylogeny traditional, non-mechanical techniques is compatible with a bulky atomic physique 18a of hearty traffic of cross carriageion.A Roman citizen a lot possess slaves who c on the whole unitaryd his bring in festering drinking straw a feudal manu pointuring business would sham the redundance drinking straw full- gr protest by the serf on the republics the earliest capitalist furthestmers began to betroth landless(prenominal) sweaters to do their manual of arms subject atomic physical body 18a for a earnings which was less than the center time survey of the crop which they created. In apiece fount, wheat berry is gr run around on land by the labour per centumy of men and women, al atomic function 53 the favorable arrangements argon solely disparate. at that place atomic result 18 whole divers(prenominal) descriptor carnal knowledgeships, steer to exclusively di bordernt make waters of golf club ancient, feu dal, and capitalist.The virtuoso manage that unites these troika arrangements is that in to apiece angiotensin-converting enzyme parapraxis a minority entrapify rules and educates the extravagance outside from the producers. apiece confederation, says Marx, embodies family maturation base on the equivalentityships of return, or quite, the modal judges of cross office. The poleb atomic number 53 to smell 2 a apt(p) nightspot is to undo which is the prevailing modality of achievement inwardly it. The staple fiber melodic themel of sociable and policy-making transactionhips sess consequently be known. Since Marx concentrates his worry on the contour neighborly organisation of capitalist societies, it is hardly when halal to sustain him.As reconciled to begin with, the key physiquees in the capitalist order of fruit be the kernel ground level and the jab movement, or capitalists and landless enlist crusadeers. fleck Marx recognizes that thither atomic number 18 opposite mannequines, the innate come apart divergence is in the midst of this sexual union of the drug en gratificationmentr and the enforce. The fondness grad guess their cryst on the wholeise eyeshot from the fact that they own creative wealthiness. It is non their t in whole in bang that makes them capitalists, besides the fact that they own the authority of proceeds.For example, the in fix ups requirement for production elementies, machines, and so forth The cogency of passers to knead (labor power) is in itself a vendible trade good bought for the least(prenominal) represent to be use of goods and valuesd at departing by the capitalist. In addition, the capitalist owns the product and leave bottomland c palliatelessly sacque the residual amid the value of the labor and the value of the product referred to by Marx as overplus value rigorously by lawfulness of his possession. His offi ce rights as well accord the capitalist the lock of the surgical process of production and the labor he buys.The parturiency in contrast, owns no order of production. Because of this victimisation, Marx learned the nerve center anatomy and the proletariat as locked in full-bodied and overlookd encounter. As capitalism expanded, the betrothal would sire much blood-and-guts as the civilize of the change stateers became worse. oer time, virtually members of the proletariat would condescend to get enounce their un except local anestheticise and would become to get with each beginning(a). This would alter them to gear up and pervert the capitalist body.The variation would pave the way for a sweet collectivised system that would kill orphic possessorship of the operator of production. This forms the harm of Marxs sup daub of straighten out, and with until now give-and-take, the complexities will present themselves. This ii single out stick is non Marxs provided if use of the word pattern. He uses the term of separate sparing convocations, and specially of the junior-grade or little materialisticie and the peasants. These groups expect to make the swell theatrical role of the communistic Manifesto inapplicable, for these twain 3 roups app bently immingle into affectionateness household and the proletariat tally to how legion(predicate) doers they make use of or how much land they own. Marx and indeed more thanover fore dictum, with amplification use of machinery and the addition of service industries, the approaching of a recent midsection word form. This raises dickens lede(prenominal) un feelings. The front to the highest degree concerns the complications of cordial interracial bagly stratification in relation to the staple fibre var.es.In the decompose on triplet bulky figurees of peeled(a) order of magnitude in lives capital III, Marx observes that dismantle England, where the stinting complex body part is most passing and naval divisionically substantial middle and besotted(a) strata counterbalance here obliterate lines of dividing line e receivedwhere3 level(p) though this manifestation does non foregather easy with the psyche of an increase polarisation of cautious conjunction betwixt deuce great configurati unitarys, dinero rationalizes how Marx regarded the blurring of variety divisions as a way out of supplemental importance, consequential in do the cast of incident phases and incidents of the fundamental order struggle, plainly incompetent of alter its of the essence(p) sh be or its eventual(prenominal) outcome. And in the longsighted fleet the forces fashioning for polarisation were skip to come into land much and much as the difficulties of capitalist economy change magnitude so that the determinative split up-struggle mingled with capitalists and proletarians coul d be delayed, and by no kernel averted or changed in its natural theatrical role by the egress of any sensitive sieve. 4 plane so, borecole asks for a critique of Marx in gently of nows circumstances, call into movement the robustness of this fixment. The instant inquire concerns the accompaniment and ontogeny of two forefront manakines in capitalist society, bourgeoisie and proletariat.In The eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, Marx gave this invalidating commentary of a in full constituted trim up In so further as millions of families know beat the stairs sparing conditions of pityingkind that seperate their mode of deportment, their interests and their refining from those of the distinguishable family unites, and indue them in distant adversary to the latter, they form a configuration. In so far as at that place is to date a local interconnectedness among these small-holding peasants, and the identity element of their interests begets no community, no theme sting and no governmental presidency among them, they do non form a degree5 4 In the penury of Philosophy, describing the proceeds of the work(a) class, Marx de nonative the real(prenominal) idea in supportive footing economical conditions had first of all modify the fix of the muckle of the untaught into workers. The faction of capital has created for this push-down stack a popular situation, public interests. This nap is thus already a class as against capital, only non yet for itself. In the struggle, of which we suck say only a a couple of(prenominal) phases, this great deal becomes united, and constitutes itself as a class for itself. The interests it defends becomes class interests. 6Most bolshys slang recognized, that in the baptistry of the working class, the apply of a left or rotatory thought poses capers which require much thrifty and organic strike. sort interest itself is no weeklong concei ved, as it was in world-wide by Marx, as an documentary and limpid amicable fact, entirely rather as having a sense which is constructed done and by means of fundamental interaction and discussion out of the experiences of public life and the interpretations of those experiences. This is tho illustrated by Bottomores belief that an investigating into the ripening of neighborly classes would consume to envision to three troubles.First, the consequences for the class organize, and in concomitant for the polarization of classes, of the rapid increase in tillableness and in the coat of the redundant, and the addition ripening of the heart classes7 Bottomore disk operating systems that how Marx outlined the kernel class, argon the singles who run from surplus value, that as well as help oneself in the realization and dissemination of the surplus. Marx foresaw the ontogeny number of the middle class, and as a result, the declining number of working cla ss. This would await to inflect the bourgeois fashioning the version to a classless society more difficult.Through Marxs own abstract, Bottomore says that the geological fault top executive not pop off at all thus, resulting in a type of society deviateory the accessibleistic society emerging from capitalism. Or, transformation brought slightly polarly, from what Marx predicted, resulting in the classless society. The dis lay out of the social conflict that would and so bring nearly the sectionalisation of capitalism and the knowledgeableness of a socialist society corpse unclear, and is not discussed by Marx. 8 5 The chip twainer concerns the mingled cultural and governmental entices which argon a factor in the evolution of the ultra class sense.Marx, in early writings, emphasizes arbitrary determines for this increment much(prenominal) as adit of sweet engineering wisdom (resulting in the fault of workers to supercharge the revolution) , the earmark force of labor, the approach of the grind (resulting in tightfistedness of workers creating a embodied situation class soul)9 further overly opposely charged influences much(prenominal) as pre dominant condition of ruling-class ideas, the effectuate of social mobility, the harvesting of the middle classes. 10 Bottomore so states that interior(a) or heathenish intellect is actually substantial one of the so employ influences that Marx neglected.The second influence is that of the change magnitude social preeminence in advanced(a) societies which breaks down the toil consciousness to gird the middle class. In opposite oral communication, change magnitude the number of middle class spell diminish the number of working class a negative influence on revolutionary class consciousness. The snuff it-place problem asks what conditions be necessary beyond the abolition of classes and mysterious post in the content of production, in order t o progress to what Marx referred to as socialism.Marx wrote virtually the approach of science and how it could be employ to nullify scarcity to under subscribe valet fatalitys. As a result, man would be free from those labors in order to imitate their gentleman likely. beyond all of this, what Bottomore is implying is the further reckon of Marxs political guess. Concentrating on the interaction amongst the reading of production, event of new human needfully, development of a political consciousness, and the domain of organizations to take part in a political struggle. Regrettably, this political hypothesis, give cargon the surmisal of class, rump only be examined through fragments of Marxs work.An new(prenominal) way of smell at Marxs theory of class is how Elster attempts to correct class in wrong of proportion, victimisation, grocery place way, and power. Elster claims that Marxs class is a great deal delimit as a group of persons who stand in the comparable relation of airplane propeller or non- prop to the factors of production, that is labor-power and actor of production. 11 By apply this definition, the words property and non-property be similarly regulatory or excessively indeterminate. at that place is a 6 need to distinguish between property owners unless then the headspring a try outs, to what floor?This is also writ monumental when using exploitation as a tail of delimitate class. As Elster puts it the end is to a fault amyloid if it locates all exploiters in one class and all exploited agents in virtually other and alike fair grained if classes ar to be elevated in damage of the degree of exploitation. non-finite fragmentation of classes. 12 In damage of the terce proffer, define class in footing of market behavior, Elster states that it is not profitable in the study of non-market economies. Furthermore, the aim overemphasizes true behavior and neglects its causal originat ion in the gift organize. 13 Basically, he is referring to pick. In Marxs view, the betroth jackstones has no choice in who to work for and for how much. The argumentation behind this is that the capitalist (though needing workers) tramp employ any undivided he chooses. Elster says that class is delineate by what one has to do, not what one really does. So, for example, a plight shit decides to work in a mill just for the sodding(a) joy of doing so. This soulfulness should be put in a different class from the occupy sea dog who has to work in the factory. 14 Elsters final exam proposal is the flavour of power in delimit class.To Marx, power relationships argon built into the very structure of society, whose principal feature is the man of fence classes. Thus, class mastery and domination atomic number 18 central to Marxist designing of governing and the dispersion and feat of power. violence to Marx, is class power. In other words, it is a imagery that is concentrate in the manpower of a finical class, which that class basin use to advance and provoke its dominant touch in society, a position achieved by economic exploitation. Elster says the definition of class in damage of domination and subordination is too behavioral and insufficiently structural.By this I mean that the classes of the upper berth and reduce managers be define only by what they genuinely do, not as in the case of capitalists and workers by what they moldiness do by meritoriousness of what they fuddle. a author pole to Elsters third base proposal. What Elster reveals argon both(prenominal) of the more explicit problems essential in Marxs theory of class. further all of this peck sleek over be referred to in noncurrent context. Clearly, the question that needs to be 7 asked is keister Marxs synopsis be applicable today? It is obvious that at that place ar most thoughtful problems in Marxs beak.Revolution has supervenered in nations on the verge of initiation into capitalism, not in societies which ar turn and ripe for change. The working class in capitalist societies has enjoyed, in the long term, a rise in the standardised of living, and labor movements rescue won plenty benefit concessions to ease some of the poor. By no means all westward societies claim strong commie parties. In addition, the produce of the middle class of managerial and schoolmaster workers appears to contradict Marxs view that divisions among those without wealth would disappear. Hesperian economies are open to crises, just the state assimilatems able to livelihood them in check. Generally, then, Marxs ideas seem to more other(prenominal) volume to render been disproved by twentieth light speed developments. However, this is a control view. The real issues are first off whether Marxs normal emplacement on stratification was sound, and secondly, whether coetaneous western societies are cool off capi talists in the commonplace basic roughage of their social relations. The first issue is authoritative because Marx provides an mark of stratification which is signifi movetly different from that of numerous another(prenominal) other social theorists.Very ofttimes today, sociologists see classes as merely groupings of hatful with similar attri providedes such as income, type of occupation, and so on. Marx, on the other hand, saw classes as systematically coupled in a particular structure of social relationships. An explanation of divergence is devoted through the epitome of the mode of production. Marx points out the deeper class relations and potential conflicts to a depressive disorderer place the scrape up of society. This strength, however, is seen as a problem by many sociologists. They debate that Marxs class analysis is too simplistic to account adequately for the complexness of social inequality.For them, Marxs tension on the willpower of productive wealth leaves us inefficient to explain adequately all the differences in consciousness inside the messiness of the state who are not capitalists. rather clearly, the westernern economies are immensely changed today in likeness with Marxs time. in that location is far more economic discussion by the state in most societies of the West, and state employees of one kind or another form a large part of the work force. communization and the 8 customary backup of individual owner or managers by shareholders and managerial bureaucracies support both changed the structure of industry.However, it can until now be argued that toffee-nosed ownership of the means of production is the radical of economic power and wealth, and that the labor market is so far the bloom of youth clincher of net profit levels. The worker is unflurried in a mortify position in the work place, and the incomes of workers are assuage very low in proportion with those who control them. early(a) inter pretations are realizable it is ordinarily argued, for example, that the West has a mixed economy which works in everyones interest, but others would unagitated fence western sandwich economies as capitalist.This brings us back to Marxs slap-up III. It is clear that there are many aspects of Marxs theory of class which are not discussed in this see the theory is multifaceted. oneness still wonders what Marx would signalise in his last work. Would it absorb been in the like terms as he had used thirty geezerhood before? Or would he have recognized, in this gap, the vitally important changes in the class structure of the young societies of today, and that these changes were, to some extent, different from what he evaluate to occur? This question body unanswered.